NURS 531 Advanced Pharmacotherapeutics Exam 4 Study Guide
Male Reproductive Disorders
Congenital Anomalies
Hypospadias
● Pathophysiology: Urethral opening is on the ventral (underside) surface of the penis.
● Cause: Incomplete fusion of urethral folds during embryogenesis (weeks 8–20).
● Manifestations: Abnormal urine stream, difficulty with voiding,...